No.
A player is down when his knee or back touches the ground. If the ball carrier loses the ball before this happens then it is called a fumble, and both teams try to recover the ball and whichever team does gains possession.
Yes. The only thing allowed to touch the ground without you being 'down' is your hands and feet. We even have interpretation questions on whether the wrist and ankles are part of the hand/feet to determine if a player is down.
If the ball touches the ground, the player is considered down. This is why the ground cannot cause a fumble.
If it was a pass and the WR was deemed not in control of the pass, it is known as a dropped or incomplete pass. The player has to have complete control, but the ball can touch the ground. This is determining the completion of the catch, though, not whether the player is down or not.
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Hangtime is how long the football is suspended in there air. The hand time is no more when the ball hits the ground or is caught.
Yes, it is touchdown. He can just say, "I dropped the ball because I thought had already scored. I wanted to celebrate."
No, you can't intercept it, you can only recover it, because lost lateral passes are ruled as fumbles. Yes, if you catch it before it hits the ground.
Yes. However, according to NFL Rules: " If ball hits ground or is touched by member of kicking team in flight, fair catch signal is off and all rules for a kicked ball apply. " Therefore, if the onside kick touches the ground, it may not be fair caught. Since the vast, vast majority of onside kicks are on the ground, it would be a rare sight to see an onside kick fair caught.
Because it loses momentum each time it bounces. That is why you use your hand to bounce the ball, giving it more momentum going down which causes it to hit the ground harder. During the spit second it hits the ground, the air pressure in the ball increases, causing it to bounce back up to your hand.