It depends on the style of karate, and most styles have more then one. For example, Tang Soo Do has only the parry block (the rest of the "blocks" are actually strikes), yet tae kwon jitsu has low x-block, high block, reverse outside block etc.
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There are a few specific blocks that are taught, but as one gets more proficient, it becomes harder to differentiate them.
* Inside Block * Outside Block * High Block * Low Block * Circle Block
A rising block in karate is basically when you rise your hand over and around your head and than strike.
Blocks are called "oke" in karate. They are used to prevent yourself from getting hurt from an oncoming attack. A good blocking skill is necessary for self defense.