A free kick takes place from the spot where the foul occurred. If the foul happened outside the penalty area, the free kick is taken from that spot. If the foul occurred inside the penalty area, the free kick is taken from the nearest point on the penalty area line.
Three types of kicks in soccer are penalty kick, free kick, and corner kick. A penalty kick happens when a foul is committed in the penalty area, a free kick is awarded after a foul outside the penalty area, and a corner kick is given when the defending team plays the ball over their own goal line.
Foul refers to direct free kick offences. Any defender committing a foul against an attacker in the area results in a penalty kick. But, an attacker committing a foul against a defender would result in a direct free kick.
It would depend on who committed the foul. A foul committed by a defender, against an attacker, in the penalty area is a penalty kick for the attackers. A foul committed by an attacker, against a defender, in the penalty area is a direct free kick for the defense.
If a foul is committed inside the goal area then it is also inside the penalty area. Any foul normally punishable by a direct free kick that is committed inside the penalty area by the defense is changed to a penalty kick.
If a player fouls an opposing team player in their 'own penalty box' a penalty is awarded
A foul does not have to be near the ball. A foul must occur (1) by a player, (2) on the field of play, (3) against an opponent, and (4) while the ball is in play. If the foul you describe is by a defender, against an attacker, in the defender's penalty area then play is stopped and a penalty kick awarded. Depending on the severity, it could also be misconduct.
A direct free kick (or DFK) is awarded when the opposing team has committed a penal foul as defined in Law 12 outside of their own defensive penalty area.
Happens when a foul is committed inside the penalty area. (e.g. bad tackle or handball).
When a foul, specifically a direct free kick offense, is committed by a defender, against an attacker, in the penalty area.
Unsportsmanlike conduct, 15 yard penalty on the try or the kickoff. In College, this rule was just changed so that it is a spot foul and the TD will be taken off the scoreboard.
It is not against any rule of soccer if a goalkeeper leaves the penalty area. He has the same rights and privileges on the field of play as any other player, except that he gets the added privilege of handling the ball within his own penalty area. It is only against a rule if the goalkeeper is handling the ball with any part of his hand, arm, or shoulder when leaving the penalty area; it will be a handling foul, direct free kick to opposing team from just outside the penalty area where the GK carried the ball, and possibly a caution (yellow card) if the referee believes the act was unsporting conduct.