A goalkeeper is considered to be in control of the ball when...
...the ball is between the hands or between the hand and any surface (e.g. ground, own body)
...holding the ball in the outstretched open hand
...bouncing it on the ground or throwing it in the air
A goalkeeper cannot be challenged for the ball even when in the process of throwing or punting it.
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It is not allowed for a goal keeper to take possession of the ball with his hands if it has been deliberately kicked to him from the feet of a team-mate. To do so is an indirect free kick offense.