The entire lot would perhaps just be called a target, but there are individual names for the sections...
The stand the target rests on would simply be called the stand.
The straw backing on a target is called the "boss".
The paper picture with the Archery rings or equivalent scoring system is called the "face".
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It is simply called a ring.
To elaborate further, the straw backing of a target is called a 'boss', not to be confused with what you get in computer games.
The paper or alternative material used to show the rings and other scoring pictures is called the "face".
(PLEASE NOTE: I am a real archer and I am an expert on the subject)