Ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE), also known as high-modulus polyethylene (HMPE) or high-performance polyethylene (HPPE). A well known brand for this plastic is "Dyneema" which is also used in bullet-proof vests.
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Arrows can, and are, made of many different materials. The majority of target archers, such as those competing in the Olympics, use either aluminum or carbon-fibre shafting for their arrows, while many bowhunters (many of whom use a compound bow) use prefer to use mostly carbon-fibre for their arrows. There are many who do prefer to use wood shafting for their arrows, and these people are often referred to as "Traditionalists"; many Traditionalists do use a recurve bow, but sometimes it seems that the majority of Traditionalists use a longbow.
Arrows were being made using materials found "in Nature" long before anyone began documenting what arrows were made of. River cane, bamboo, large-diameter grasses, cattail stalks, rose shoots, and many other natural shafting materials have been used to make arrows for at least the past ten thousand years, for a wide variety of purposes and with varying degrees of success.
Mostly it's made of wood. But there may be other kinds that I don't really know. Sorry, I can't tell you much more.