The requirements vary from style to style. In some, there are no new kata to learn after 1st or 2nd degree black belt, it is a matter of refining the technique, dedicating one's self to the art and reaching the appropriate level of maturity and age.
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It depends on the style of martial art. First Kyu, the rank right before Black Belt is identified differently by different schools and styles. Originally it was a brown belt My style uses a brown belt with black ends. Some use a brown belt with a black stripe running the length Some use a red belt (which can mean 9th or 10th Dan in other styles!)
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Judo uses a typical ranking system for Gendai budo martial arts. There are six kyu ranks and ten dan ranks. Progression is from 6th to 1st kyu, and then from 1st to 10th dan. Colored belts include the white belt (6th kyu), yellow belt (5th kyu), orange belt (4th kyu), green belt (3rd kyu), blue belt (2nd kyu), and brown belt (1st kyu). Black belts are used from 1st to 5th dan, red and white belts from 6th to 8th dan, and solid red belts for 9th and 10th dan. Currently, the 10th dan is no longer officially awarded to anyone.
The standard belt color system is white, yellow, green, brown, and black. In some Karate school and styles the color order is white, yellow, orange, green, blue, brown, black. Depending on the school, stripes, additional colors and combinations are also used. I have even seen a camouflage belt!
The term black belt refers to a martial artist who has achieved a certain level of expertise in his chosen art. Many believe that a black belt is an expert, but its more accurate to think of a black belt as a graduate: like a high school graduate. A black belt might best be described as competent in his martial art.