A double is when the batter reaches second base on a hit ball.
It is scored as a single, out at second.
A base hit is a hit in the sport of baseball in which the batter safely reaches base.
It is.
That would depend on how the runner was retired at second base. For example, if the runner slipped and fell on his way to second base and the outfielder had the time to throw him out on a force play, the batter would not get credited with a base hit. If the runner made it to second base safely and then slipped rounding the bag and the outfielder threw to second base and the runner was tagged out, the batter would be credited with a base hit. If a runner is forced out at any base, regardless of where the ball was hit, the batter is not credited with a base hit.
double
The batter would be charged with a strikeout and an at-bat.
That Jon will score when the next batter hits a double.
Yes, assuming the batter reaches base safely.
Yes. The only time it is not an official "At Bat", is if a batter reaches base on a base on balls, hit by pitch or catcher interference. A batter is also not charged with an "At Bat" if he hits a sacrifice fly (a fly ball out that results in a runner tagging up and scoring), or a sacrifice bunt that advances a runner or runners. He is also not charged with an "At Bat" if the batter reaches base as a result of an error on a sacrifice fly or sacrifice bunt.
yes, as long as time has not been called
If s/he touches Second Base he can't retreat.