The school of translates to ryu. The term ryu is found in the name of many styles of Japanese Martial Arts.
shotokan style
Wada ryu karate is a form of karate that has influences from all the main styles of karate, but the only differences are in the kata's. for example, the pinan's and unsu are from Wada ryu style.
neither it is the study of martial tecnique through katas, sparring, drills etc, however the school, instructer, style etc. conducts it. Karate means empty hand.
Each school teaches a specific style. There is no 'regular' karate. There are many similarities between all of the styles, with a few differences.
That will depend on the school and style of karate. Some schools do not have stripes and simply go from one solid color to another.
American Karate is a style based on karate from Asia. It has been changed by Americans for various reasons, some of which is to approach the American style of fighting. There is also American Kempo which may be the same thing, depending on what school or system you are working with.
That depends on the school and style of karate. Orange belt is usually pretty low and can be on one side or the other of the yellow belt. How many stripes will depend on the school.
The requirements vary from style to style and school to school. You'll have to ask your instructor or one of your fellow students.
The requirements vary from school to school and style to style. In the style I practice, you have to be at least 14 to test for a full black belt. You can obtain a 'junior' black belt prior to that.
It will depend on the school or style of karate. In some styles, a purple belt is one of the levels on the way to black belt. My particular style of Shorin Ryu does not have a purple belt. It is not a common color.
It is going to vary depending on the style of karate and the count used in your school. GojuShiho by name has 54 moves, but you can count it in various ways.
That depends on the style and the school. In my school the only equipment you need is the uniform, we don't use equipment.