The person who sunk the cue ball and the eight ball off the break loses.
If you scratch in pool and sink the cue ball, it is considered a foul. The other player will get ball in hand, meaning they can place the cue ball anywhere on the table for their next shot.
This depends on the specific rules of the game you play. Under BCA and APA Rules the other player gets ball-in-hand.
In pool, momentum refers to the transfer of energy between the cue ball and the object ball when they collide. When the cue ball strikes the object ball, momentum is transferred, causing the object ball to move. The more momentum the cue ball has, the more force it will impart on the object ball, resulting in a faster and more controlled shot.
I believe what you're talking about is a draw shot. It is when the player aims lower than the center of the cue ball with his cue tip. When the cue ball is struck below center, it generates a backward spin. When hit, the cue ball is spinning backward and skipping across the felt to the object ball. The cue ball strikes the object ball and because its momentum stops, the ball catches traction and rolls backwards.
The reaction force is the object ball moving away after being struck. The cue ball may or may not come away with any energy, but it usually retains a bit. There is a "science" to where to strike the cue ball with the cue to achieve "position" in the game. You already know the zillion different things that a good player can do (must do!) with the cue ball to win a rack, though. The basic answer is that the kinetic energy of the cue ball will be transferred to the object ball in an largely inelastic collision. The object ball will then carry the energy away after the momentum of the cue ball is passed on to it. This is the case for a "straight shot" on the table with no English on the cue ball.
There are two kinds of cue ball jumps, one immediately after the cue strikes the cue ball and one where the cue ball jumps after contact with another object. A legal stroke to jump a cue ball immediately must strike the cue ball above center - this drives the cue ball into the table surface from which it rebounds. Strking the cue ball below center to lift the ball intentionally is called a scoop shot and is a foul. A cue ball can be made to jump after hitting a rail by using extreme draw or follow.
In pool, a scratch occurs when the cue ball is pocketed after hitting the object ball. When a scratch happens, the player's turn ends, and the opponent gets ball in hand, meaning they can place the cue ball anywhere on the table for their next shot. This can significantly impact gameplay as it gives the opponent an advantage in positioning the cue ball for their shot.
A drag shot is a special type of draw shot where the cue ball will not be spinning backwards at the time of contact with the object ball. This is generally used to minimize movement of the cue ball after contact with the object ball, but where it is disadvantageous to just hit the cue ball slowly (for example, if the table is not level).
In billiards, scratching the cue ball occurs when the cue ball is pocketed or leaves the table. When this happens, the other player gets ball in hand, meaning they can place the cue ball anywhere on the table for their next shot.
A scratch in pool occurs when the cue ball is pocketed or fails to hit any other ball on the table after the cue ball strikes the object ball.
To effectively jump a pool ball for a difficult shot, you need to use a special cue stick called a jump cue. Position the cue ball close to the object ball, angle the jump cue at a 45-degree angle, and strike the cue ball just below its center with a quick and controlled stroke. This will make the cue ball jump over obstacles and hit the object ball for a successful shot. Practice and precision are key to mastering this technique.
transfer of energy. If the cue ball strikes the object ball cleanly and with no spin, it will transfer all of its energy to the object ball just like that childhood toy with the swinging ball bearings in line. If the cue ball does not hit the object ball cleanly (not on center) then the energy will be divided between the cue ball and the object ball sending them off in right angles to each other (the re-direction of the cueball will be at a right angle to the direction that the object ball takes off at). If a spin (either forward, backward or sideways(english)) is present when the cue ball strikes the object ball, that energy generally is not transfered to the object ball and will affect how the cueball moves after striking the object ball.Hope this helps.