This is a special capture made immediately after a player moves a pawn two squares forward from its starting position, and an opposing pawn could have captured it as if it had moved only one square forward. In this situation, the opposing pawn may capture the pawn as if taking it "as it passes" through the first square. The resulting position is the same as if the pawn had only moved one square forward and the opposing pawn had captured normally.
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The question name is ambigiuous. What does the name mean? I'm flagging it later.
Yes a pawn may pass an enemy pawn even though it is being attacked by that enemy pawn.
no, I think you mean the move en passant which is a move performed by a pawn and means "in passing" in french
Yes, IF it promotes(reaches the other side of the board) into one. You can also promote your pawn to a rook, bishop, or knight, but not a king.
Yes , the pawn has the power and ability to place the opponent's king in check .