It's to give the pitchers an advantage. Of course, these days, there isn't much of an advantage. Back in the 60s, it was raised (the mound was made higher) since the pitchers complained about the batter's advantage. Shortly thereafter, it was lowered to its present height due to the dominance of pitchers like Bob Gibson.
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The pitcher pitches from a higher point for the purpose of ball speed. It may not seem like much, but gravity definitely plays its part in an object being thrown downward. Fastballs reach the plate faster thrown from a mound as they do thrown from level ground.
First, a pitcher's mound is 10.5 inches high, not ten. It used to be higher, but it was lowered in 1969 following the '68 season in the major leagues when several pitchers had dominating seasons, including Bob Gibson's very low ERA and Denny McClain winning 31 gaimes. Also, the winner of the American League's batting title had only a .301 batting average (Carl Yastrzemski).
To create a downward angle to the batter, which makes it harder to hit the ball.
if the pitcher is throwing at a down angle, his breaking pitches will move more.
to thougt father