If you mean simply redirecting the ball with your head that is called a header.
A "header".
It isn't called soccer ball because the soccer ball is the ball you use in soccer. See? I have actually heard people call it soccer and soccer ball.
soccer ball, just did it
A clearance
Giving head
tackle
It's called passing or pass
usually it is called a trap or trapping the ball
Obstruction
A soccer ball is a sphere.
Yes, as long as the player is not considered tackled a defensive player may strip the ball from the ball carrier.
soccer! It was called fut-ball it was called football