That is called a foul or 'personal foul'.
Assuming it has come of an opponent; if it crosses a side line its a throw in, if its a base line it is either a corner (attacking end) or a Goal Kick (defensive end)
in order for a ball in basketball to be considered to be out of bounds the ball MUST touch/hit the ground out bounds ... if the ball does not touch/hit out of bounds the ball is still live a play can go out of bounds to throw/pass the ball back in bounds so long as the player that is going for the ball bounds feet are in the air when he makes contact with the ball ...
a throw in, in soccer is awarded when the ball is out of bounds but only on the side lines
5 seconds
no never
It is called a "Throw in".
You have to beat up your opponent so badly you can throw them in the ambulance
18 Feet maybe 15 feet from the backboard in the NBA, high school and maybe middle school, but 12 for elementary and lower
resel
The right analog stick
The ball has gone "in touch" and the restart is a throw-in.