Well it's not a "non-contact" sport per se, and most referees will overlook a bit of bustling between to players to get the ball, but if someone shoulder charges full force, and it really is just intended to batter the other player out of the way that would be a foul.
The general rule is that if you get the ball, the tackle's legitimate... if you're just out to hurt another player or get them out the way, that would be a foul and probably a red card. Black10 says: Have you ever heard the saying, "shoulder up"? Yes, in most case you do use a lot of your shoulder to throw your opponent off the ball or to win the ball. Yet make sure not to throw elbows that is harmful and can cause the other player to get hurt and possibly yourself. Other then that have fun get physical and play to your best. So basically, "Not all wars have ceasefire, just half time."
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Yes, you can, but you must be careful as to where you allow the ball to come into contact with your body in that area. Playing the ball on the front, back and top of the shoulder are usually not a problem. It is when you play a ball on the "outside" of the shoulder that you may have difficulties. A ball played on the outside of the shoulder might be seen as being played on the upper arm, and the arms and hands cannot be used to fairly play a ball. It will be the referee, or possibly his assistant, who will have to decide if a violation of the Laws of the Game has occurred. Note that if the arm is pressed to the body of the player, it might be easier for the official to determine that there was no intent to play the ball with the arm, and the play may be not be seen as a hand ball. But the referee will be the final authority in this issue.
A push is a direct free kick offense.
A legal shoulder challenge is not considered a push. It is recognized that there are times when two players wish to occupy the same space and force is being applied with the shoulder to keep their current position. Applying too much force to move an opponent out of their space with the shoulder is called a "charge" and is also a direct free kick offense.
No. In soccer a handball is counted if it touches anything from the shoulder to the hand.
Shoulder contact with the ball is allowed. A foul is called only when the ball touches the hand below the hand.