The wearing of helmets became compulsory after the death of Andrey Kivilev in 2003.
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It first started in 1861. I had to do an assignment on bauxite :P
It is generally in France with occasional stages in neighbouring countries. It is traditional for the tour to start in another country, this year's start was in Monaco. This years tour for example has two stages based in Spain/Andorra.
Whenever they want
It begins on the first Saturday in July and last for 3 weeks.
September.