When has a player addressed the ball outside a hazard?
I assume you mean, when has a player addressed a ball outside of
a hazard. A player is deemed to have addressed the ball when they
have taken their normal stance and has grounded their club behind
the ball. The grounding of the club is the key act, if the club is
not grounded, address has not been taken. Once the normal stance
has been taken, and the club has been grounded the ball has been
addressed.
You specified outside a hazard, it is good to point out the
difference, because you can not ground your club in a hazard, so it
is harder to determine when the ball has been addressed.