Kendo roots lie in mediaeval Japanese Fencing (called kenjutsu). As the sword was considered the symbol of the samurai class, kenjutsu tradition was a major cultural aspect of Japan. When the Meiji Revolution took place, teaching arts of war became illegal and Martial Arts had to turn to a more philosophical approach. This transformation changed the martial arts from "jutsu" (è¡“; technique, art) to "do" (é“; way) and became official in 1895. Kendo, as known today, is a standardized form of kenjutsu with focus in the phylosophical aspect of swordmanship instead of focusing on defeating enemies.
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Several. Jiu jitsu is the self defence forerunner to judo. Sumo (fat power) is Japan's national sport. Aikido is Japanese. Iaido is only done with a Japanese katana, which led to kendo. Karate is mostly adapted from other countries, but is Japanese now due to several modifications.
I doubt that they invented it, but Japanese kamikaze pilots used the technique in WWII.
The shabu was invented by the Japanese. It is a 'hot-pot' type of dish related somewhat to Sukiyaki.
The Japanese invented the logarithmns. Thats what was next.