It depends on how professional the horse is. Here is a example: (not a real horse)
Mr. HotShotHorse starts his 2 year old season (the year horses usually start racing) And the track is 1 mile or less. He wins all or most of the races and he gets to advance up in the ranks.
His 3 year old season, the track is 1 mile to 1 1/2
4 it might be 1 3/4 or maybe even up to 2 miles long, which is exactly why you want to breed a horse with great speed and a horse with great distance so the offspring will be fast and will not wear out quickly on long races.
Steeplechase horse will run over fences for a longer distance like 2 1/16 miles to 4 miles or sometimes longer.
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A horse can run until it dies in a race. (that as actually happened a good many times)