There are way too many to count! First you can divide it by the country where it is currently practices. While the source countries are considered Okinawa, Japan and Korea, there are also variations developed in many other countries, including the US. And there are divisions within the countries. In Okinawa, there are three major divisions, and each of those has dozens of sub-groups.
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Yes and No. The primary influences of karate can be traced back to a single area, but as it 'travelled' from country to country, local skills were mixed in to create something different. Karate originated on the island of Okinawa, now a part of Japan. It was created by combining the local Okinawan art of Te with influences of Chinese Kung Fu.
Several hundred years later, Okinawan teachers went to Japan and taught karate there. Elements of the existing Martial Arts were incorporated and merged to become various styles of Japanese Karate.
From Japan, karate was taught in Korea, merging with the native martial arts there to develop a slightly new style. Each of the styles puts the focus on slightly different things. But if one watches a variety of skilled practitioners, you will begin to see differences and similarities between the different branches. But the ultimate goal of all karate-ka is to become a better person.
There are dozens and dozens of styles of Karate. Three of the major divisions are based on the primary country, Okinawa, Japan and Korea. All of the types have a large part of their origins in the Karate of Okinawa. For starters:
Goju-ryu (founded by Chojun Miyagi in 1930) - student of Kanryo Higaonna
Shito-ryu (founded by Kenwa Mabuni in 1932) - student of Kanryo Higaonna and Anko Itosu primarily
Shotokan (founded by Gichin Funakoshi in 1936) - student of Anko Azato and Anko Itosu
Wado-ryu (founded by Hironori Ohtsuka in 1938) - student of Gichin Funakoshi and Shinzaburo Nakayama
There are dozens, of not hundreds, of styles of karate. Here is a quick sampling of some of the more well known, each of them can be broken down into multiple sub-styles.
Okinawa
* Shorin Ryu * Goju Ryu * Isshin Ryu * Shito Ryu * Wado Ryu * Chito Ryu * Shudokan * Kyokushin * Shuri Ryu * Uechi Ryu
Japan
* Shodokan
Korea
* Tae Kwon Do * Tang Soo Do
There are undreds of karate styles. ANd eaach one is differnt to other in some way or other.
In general, the difference focuses on the techniques that are considered most important. Some stress kicks, other grappling techniques and still others on specific types of strikes or blocks. But because the human body only moves in certain ways, the basics remain the same.
There are hundreds of styles, so no list is going to be complete, but here's a start:
There are too many to name. There are three primary country divisions, Okinawan, Japanese and Korean. Within those there are dozens, if not hundreds of smaller groups.