Karate-do originated in Okinawa, which is now a part of Japan, but is a fusion of both Okinawan and Chinese Martial Arts techniques. The word Karate literally translates as "Empty Hand" - however, it's origins also translate to "China Hand". Karate, or Karate-do, is one of several Japanese Budo (Martial Way) arts that has many styles. Other Do arts are:
Aikido
Kendo (Sword)
Judo
Kyudo (Bow/Mounted Archery)
There are many styles of Japanese Karate, as there are many other styles of Korean Karate and the styles of other countries. However, Karate is historically traced to Okinawa and China. Some different styles of Japanese Karate are:
Shotokan
Shorin-Ryu
Isshin-Ryu
Goju-Ryu
The term "Ryu" comes from "Ryuku", which is the name of the islands of which Okinawa is a part. These are a few of many different Japanese Karate styles, but all are descendants or variations on the original ancient styles. Differences can be in technique, stance, etc., but most Karate forms are similar in nature.
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Karate is a martial art that originated in Okinawa. It has become a generic term adapted by westerners. instead of begin a term of martial arts from the island of Okinawa. Karate was originally translated as China Hand, but is now interpreted to mean Empty Hand. Most martial arts are influenced by Chinese Kung Fu.
"Karate" itself means "Open Hand" or "Empty Hand" in Japanese. However it's origins are hard to follow and lost over time. Much of it can be traced to China, and from there even further back to India. Over the centuries, it has been influenced by travelers learning it and taking it back home, and modifying it to their own liking.
Karate is Japanese, is important in Japanease culture. If you are in karate or know it you would notice that most of the katas are japanese names.