Remove the existing one, replace it with a new one.
you don't
Shaft is the handle of the golf club.
No you cannot repair these. You can replace the shaft though. Although you may be happy enough to keep it as it is because it is only a cosmetic problem.
it is a taylor made golf shaft that has a smaller dia at the bottom of the grip .
It depends on the price of the shaft and the grip. Installation is typically around $20 to put the shaft in and maybe a dollar or so for the grip. With an expensive shaft and grip it could easily run you a few hundred dollars.
No, a golf shaft will fit both right and left handed clubs.
Do you mean Fujikura? If so, then yes, Fujikura make some of the best golf shafts in Golf.
shaft
Nothing it is a brand of shaft, the specs in all shafts differ
Yes you can as long as you never change your shaft again.
Hosel is the the socket (or neck) in the head of a golf club into which the shaft is inserted.
Reshaft it with the proper length shaft, you local golf shop or professional should be able to do it for you easily and cheaply.