Yes, if you are playing BCA 8 Ball rules. No, if you are playing APA 8 Ball rules, except the 8 Ball which must be called. Yes. If you are playing Straight Pool. Maybe. If your are playing in a bar, they usually have House Rules which usually only require calling the 8 ball in the US.
There is a list of rules at the related link. Or you can find written rules where you buy pool balls.
In the US, whether you are referring to 8 Ball, 9 Ball, or Straight Pool you most likely need the American Poolplayer's Association (APA) rules. This is the largest governing body for these in the US. There are often slight local rules covering ball-in-hand and shooting of the 8 ball that may be different than the official rules. So be sure to check for house rules at a bar or local pool hall. The APA Rules can be viewed and downloaded at the link below -
This depends on the specific rules of the game you play. Under BCA and APA Rules the other player gets ball-in-hand.
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The 8 ball.
This depends upon the game you will be playing and the rules you are playing. For 8 Ball, under BCA Rules, the 8 ball must be in the center with a ball to its left and right, and 1 stripe and 1 solid in the two rear corners. Under APA Rules, only the 8 ball position is required. It is customary, but not required, that the 1 ball is always at the foot spot. For 9 Ball, the 9 ball must be in the center and the 1 ball is placed at the foot spot. For Straight Pool, the two rear corners must be the 1 and 5 balls. Although many people have personal preferences, there are no other required positions for the balls.
In the US, most bars post their "House Rules" which usually are a modified version of the American Poolplayer's Association (APA) Rules. The House Rules typically modify ball-in-hand rules, calling of a shot, and hitting the 8 ball. The link to the APA Rules is provided in the link below - Some examples of difference by House Rules are: APA Rules require calling the pocket, but not the entire shot - House Rules often require calling combinations, caroms, and banks. APA Rules do not consider the 8 ball "neutral", so it cannot be used as the first ball hit - House Rules may allow hitting the 8 ball first in a combination shot. APA rules require that you hit the 8 ball when it is your last object ball on the table, and a ball must hit a rail or be pocketed, or it is a foul - House Rules can call failure to hit the 8 ball loss of game.
www.8 ball pool.com
The eight ball is the ball you hit after all your balls are sinked. * Added - Under APA Rules the 8 ball is not neutral. Under many House Rules, the 8 ball is neutral.
The fifth ball in a pool ball triangle will dpend upon the game being played. In Straight Pool, it can be any of 13 different balls. Only the 1 and the 5 cannot be located there. In 8 Ball, the 5th ball must be the 8 ball.