No part of the table should be closer to a wall than 56 inches or a proper stroke cannot be made. However, forcing the player to elevate the cue for some shots or providing short sticks are options when less room is available. However, both of these take away from good game play.
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Enough on each side and end to allow the cues to be moved comfortably. A played needs to be able to hit a ball which is on a cushion, so they need a little longer than the length of their cue. To check if you have room, measure the table you want and add twice the length of a cue to both the length and the width.
For tournament play, the minimum is 6 feet, however for home tables the absolute minimum is 56 inches, with 5 feet being the recommended minimum.
It depends on who will be using it, if a child uses it, it doesnt need to be as far away as if a adult uses it, test your cueing from different distances from the wall. :)
The sizes range from 7 foot to 12 foot and their actual length can be about 12 inches more than the table size.