Black
In 8-ball pool, the black ball rules state that players must pocket all of their designated balls (stripes or solids) before attempting to pocket the black 8-ball. If a player pockets the black 8-ball before all of their designated balls, they lose the game.
In pool, the rules for the black ball, or eight ball, depend on the specific game being played. In standard eight-ball, the objective is to pocket the eight ball after all of your designated balls (stripes or solids) have been cleared. You must call the shot and legally pocket the eight ball into a designated pocket; otherwise, you lose the game. So, yes, you do have to pocket the eight ball, but it must be done according to the rules.
There are none in English Billiards. In Carom Billiards, there are none. In the Pocket Billiards games, the 8 ball is the only black ball - 7 Ball has no 8 ball, hence no black ball, but all other games include the 8 ball, so, they have 1 black ball.
The white ball in Snooker is called the "Cue Ball".
In 8 ball pool, the black ball must be pocketed last, after all of your assigned balls have been pocketed. If the black ball is pocketed before all of your assigned balls, you lose the game. Additionally, if you scratch (pocket the cue ball) while pocketing the black ball, you also lose the game.
This depends upon the game being played. In English Billiards, there is no black ball. In Pocket Billiards, each game is different - In 7 ball, there is no black ball; In 8 Ball, it goes in the center; In 9 Ball, it may be placed anywhere except the apex; In Straight Pool it can go anyplace except the back to corners.
It is called a plant
The shot pocket is the area in your shot when you have a "pocket" to hold the ball in. right before you shoot the ball, and before your guide hand leaves the ball when your arm is bent backwards and you are in the air about to shoot, when the ball is currently positioned is the shot pocket. with both hands on the ball and the ball is ready to shoot.
The 8 ball
In pool, you cannot legally hit the 8 ball into a pocket unless it is the last ball you need to pocket in order to win the game. If you have other balls remaining, you must first pocket your last ball before attempting to pocket the 8 ball. If you hit the 8 ball before clearing your own, it results in a foul. However, if the 8 ball is the only ball left on the table, you can pocket it.
No, you only loose if you scratch after making the eight ball.