Black
There are none in English Billiards. In Carom Billiards, there are none. In the Pocket Billiards games, the 8 ball is the only black ball - 7 Ball has no 8 ball, hence no black ball, but all other games include the 8 ball, so, they have 1 black ball.
The white ball in Snooker is called the "Cue Ball".
This depends upon the game being played. In English Billiards, there is no black ball. In Pocket Billiards, each game is different - In 7 ball, there is no black ball; In 8 Ball, it goes in the center; In 9 Ball, it may be placed anywhere except the apex; In Straight Pool it can go anyplace except the back to corners.
It is called a plant
The shot pocket is the area in your shot when you have a "pocket" to hold the ball in. right before you shoot the ball, and before your guide hand leaves the ball when your arm is bent backwards and you are in the air about to shoot, when the ball is currently positioned is the shot pocket. with both hands on the ball and the ball is ready to shoot.
The 8 ball
No, you only loose if you scratch after making the eight ball.
If the ball went in the pocket during the second shot, then it was sunk on that shot just as if it had been hit down by another ball.
Alica Black Ball
Yes. If the previous shot is "over" , then the cueball will be replaced.
In 8 ball all balls can be shot into any pocket whereas in one pocket each player uses a corner pocket at the same end of table.