The 1899 Cleveland Spiders were credited with 101 road losses but played 112 of their 154 regular season games away from their home ballpark. That year the owners bought the team in St. Louis and 'traded' the Spiders' star players to the St. Louis team. Because of poor attendance due to the lack of talent on the team, the other National League teams refused to come to Cleveland to play meaning, if the Spiders wanted to play, they would have to play in the other team's ballpark. The 1899 Spiders had a record of 11-101 on the road and 20-134 overall and were contracted from the National League after the season.
Excluding the Spiders, the 1916 Philadelphia Athletics and the 1963 New York Mets each had 64 road losses. The 1916 A's went 13-64 on the road and 36-117 overall while the 1963 Mets went 17-64 on the road and 51-111 overall.
NOTE: The 2010 Pittsburgh Pirates have, as of 9/27, 60 road losses and have 6 road games left in the season.
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The 1962 New York Mets lost 120 games, and would generally be considered the record-holders.
The Cleveland Spiders lost more games in one season, 134, but did so in 1899. 1900 is often used as a cut-off point between "the modern era" of Baseball and older seasons where the rules and practices of the game were so different that records don't compare well.
Two other teams in the modern era of baseball (1916 Philadelphia Athletics and 1935 Boston Braves) lost a higher percentage of their games than the '62 Mets, but they played in a shorter season so they did not lose as many total games.
The all time MLB record for losses was set by the 1899 Cleveland Spiders with a record of 20-134.
Since 1900, the 1961 Philadelphia Phillies, with 23 consecutive Losses.
Before 1900, the Louisville Colonels lost 26 games in a row in 1889.