According to the official rule book, the bases are located inside the diamond.
If you were standing on the pitcher's mound, then no matter which base you look at, the measurements would be behindthe bases, because the back corners of each base is what touches the measured diamond.
Home plate is measured from the point (the part that points to the catcher) to the far right corner of first base (which touches the foul line). First base to second base is measured from the foul line to the center field corner of second base, etc.
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Pitching distance is measured from the front of the rubber to the apex or back of home plate.
From the back tip of home plate (where the first and second base foul lines meet) to the front of the pitching rubber.
The distance used is measured from the back tip of home plate to the front of the pitching mound.
If you are referring to the pitching distance it is measured from the apex or point of home to the front edge of the pitching rubber.