Yes. Only the location of the ball is used to determine whether the touch is an infraction.
A goal keeper is allowed to touch the ball with their hands when the ball is inside their own penalty area. If a goal keeper does so outside of the area, then a direct free kick is awarded to the opposing team.
No, the keeper cannot pick the ball up after his own player intentionally plays it to him using the feet.
I'm going to assume that you are asking about a ball that is deliberately kicked back to the goalkeeper by a teammate, then picked up. If the keeper touches the ball with his hands outside of the penalty area (the "18"), the offense is handling and the other team is awarded a direct kick from the spot where the keeper first touched the ball with his hands. If the keeper touches the ball with his hands inside the penalty area but outside the goal area (the "6"), the offense is goalkeeper handling and the other team is awarded an indirect kick from the spot where the keeper first touched the ball with his hands. If the keeper touches the ball with his hands inside the goal area, the other team is awarded an indirect free kick from the spot on the goal area line nearest where the ball was first touched by the keeper.
No.
A goal keeper may never use their hands outside of their own penalty area. A goal keeper may not use their hands, even in their penalty area, when a team-mate deliberately plays the ball to them with their feet. A goal keeper may not use their hands, even in their penalty area, when a team-mate directly throws the ball to them on a throw-in.
If a defender passes the ball with his feet to the goal keeper, the goal keeper may not touch the ball with their hands.
A defender may not deliberately handle the ball anywhere on the field. A goal keeper may handle it only in his own penalty area. Where his feet are would not matter. Only the ball's position matters.
The 'keeper may be fairly challenged for the ball as any other player until and unless he gains possession of the ball with his hand or hands (including holding the ball with two hands, holding the ball between his hand and any other surface including the ground, goalpost, or his own body, holding the ball in an outstretched hand, or dropped the ball as part of a punt). A keeper in possession of the ball (as described above) cannot be charged or challenged in any way.
No. When determining whether a goalkeeper may touch a ball with his hands, only the position of the ball matters. If the ball had not crossed (or touched the plane above) the boundary of the goalkeeper's own penalty area, it would be considered deliberate handling, The restart would be a direct free kick at the location of the handling. The goalkeeper might be cautioned if the act prevented the development of a promising goal scoring opportunity in the opinion of the referee. The goalkeeper might be sent off if the ball would have entered the net if not for the handling (and without being touched again by any player) in the referee's opinion.
They must allow the keeper room to kick the ball; 5-6 metres should be enough.
A defender committing an indirect free kick offense would do it.Indirect free kicks are not promoted to penalty kicks when inside the penalty area.There are 8 offenses that can result in an indirect free kick:goal keeper controls the ball with his hands for more than six seconds before releasing it from his possessiongoal keeper touches the ball again with his hands after he has released it from his possession and before it has touched another playergoal keeper touches the ball with his hands after it has been deliberately kicked to him by a team-mategoal keeper touches the ball with his hands after he has received it directly from a throw-in taken by a team-mateplays in a dangerous mannerimpedes the progress of an opponentprevents the goal keeper from releasing the ball from his handscommits any other offense for which play is stopped to caution or send off a player