No, not that I ever heard of. It maybe if you are talking to the free throw shooter.
yes
no
An offside offense is punished with an indirect free kick for the opposing team. Note that the free kick is awarded for the actual offense of offside, not just for being in an offside position--being in an offside position while not participating in play or gaining an advantage is not an offense and doesn't result in any free kick.
The Offensive Team
Yes. nearly any defensive penalty BEFORE change of possession (INT, Fumble recovery) can result in a free play for the offense.
The whistle is blown and the defending team gets to take the ball out.
There are many violations of basketball. You can not move with the ball when you are not dribbling. That is called a travel. The only exception is when you take two steps for a layup. You can not dribble the ball, pick it up, and then dribble again. That is called a double dribble. If you are on offense, you can not stay in the key for longer then 3 seconds or else you will get a 3 seconds call. You have 5 seconds to throw the ball in when it is out of bounds. If you don't get the ball inbounds in time it will be a turnover. You have 10 seconds to get the ball down the court onto the opposite half to which the ball was thrown in. If you don't get it across halfcourt on time that will be a turnover. These are just a few of the many violations.
It's similar to entering the lane too soon. If the shooter misses the free throw, he would receive another attempt. If the shooter makes the free throw - nothing, because he would accept the result.
If you're referring to the "lane" or the "paint" it is the rectangle formed from the free-throw line, and perpendicular lines that extend from the ends of the free throw line to the endline. The official rule is that an offensive player cannot have any part of his body inside this "lane" for more than three seconds, otherwise a three-second violation is called. Also, when an offensive player is shooting a free-throw, no players can enter the lane until the ball hits the rim (High School rules).
The "3-second call" is when a player (offensive or defensive) stands under the goal or in "the paint" for three seconds, which is a technical foul. If you're on offense, the other team gets the ball. If you're on defense the other team gets a free throw for one point.
A lane violation is when a player tries to get a rebound before the ball gets to touch the rim during a free throw (high school rules). A key violation or "3 in the key" is when a player (offensive player or defensive player) is under the basket (known as the "paint") for more than 3 seconds.