The Yellow Jersey, or the "Maillot Jaune" in French goes to the overall race leader - the rider with the shortest overall time.
This means the person who wins a stage of the race does not necessarily get the yellow jersey. This position is calculated by how much time in total each person has taken to get to a certain checkpoint from the very beginning.
As in, the race leader is whoever spent the least amount of time in the race (and finished correctly). For example,
It is the end of stage 2, there are 2 Racers that are in front of everyone else by a large margin (i.e. the others aren't in the running).
Racer A has times of : 3hr35min (leg 1), 4hr5min (leg 2) = 7hr40min (total thus far)
Racer B has times of : 3hr15min (leg 1), 4hr10min (leg 2) = 7hr25min
So even though Racer B has come second in leg 2, that competitor retains the yellow jersey because of the rules.
The wearer of the yellow jersey or "maillot jaune", is the rider with the overall lowest cumulative time of all the riders. He needn't win any stages of the multi stage race as long as his combined time for all stages is lower than anyone else's. As a simple example, if he came in second in every stage, as long as a different rider came in first each time, he would still probably have the lowest combined time.
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The white jersey is currently awarded to the Best Young Rider Classification (less than 26 years of age) although prior to 1975 it signified the lead rider in the Combination Classification.
The white jersey is rewarded to the best young rider(<25).
The White jersey is awarded to the overall fastest aged 25 or younger.
Last year's Winner gets to start in the yellow jersey, if he is doing the race.
There is no official purple jersey in the Tour de France. You might have seen a team jersey in that colour.
Le Tour de France isn't raced by athletes representing countries, it's raced by professional teams, usually assembled with riders from several different nations. The yellow jersey is worn by the rider with the overall shortest time.
There is no official rainbow jersey in le tour de france. If you've seen one, it was probably a team jersey with that design.
The yellow jersey