The way for a club to qualify for the Champions League is by them finishing in a Champions League position in their European national league at the end of the domestic season before the given Champions League tournement. The
number of Champions League positions in a national league is determined by that country's league's UEFA co-efficient ( e.g how well teams from that league have performed in the Champions League and UEFA Cup / Europa League in recent seasons ). Leagues with high UEFA co-efficients such as England, Spain and Italy will receive lots of Champions League positions ( 3 or 4 ), wheras lesser co-efficients that may belong to the likes of Scotland, Croatia and the Ukraine will only grant Leagues with a low number of Champions League positions ( 1 or 2 ). Once you have secured a Champions League position, you may be put straight into the group stages of the compettition or you will have to qualify for the group stages seperately. This all depends on the national league the club is in and the position the club finished in the previous season. If it turns out that the club in question must qualify for the group stages, they must play 1, 2, 3 or 4 qualifying rounds with other clubs in the same position as they are. Like the Group Stage and Roung of 16 draws, these are seeded but with the club's individual UEFA co-efficient called into question. The clubs with the highest individual UEFA co-efficients will be seeded and those with the lower co-efficients will not. The 10 winners of the Group Stage qualification rounds will progress to the Group Stages to join the 22 automatic qualifiers and thus, full qualifications is complete. The other, and simpler, way to qualify is by winning the previous season's Champions League tournement outright which will earn you automatic entry to the next season's Champions League Group Stage. If this happens and the winners of the tournement fail to get into the Champions League positions in their domestic league in the season when they would have tried to qualify for the Champions League competittion for the season after the season when they won the competittion, the club in the bottom Champions League position would not be entered for the competittion but instead, the club who won the tournement in the previous season would be entered. I hope this helps
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Teams either qualify directly or they have to go through a qualification process. Countries which have a high UEFA co-efficient ( which is based on the league's level and performance) get direct qualification and other lesser leagues have to go through qualifying rounds.
It is always played the year before the World Cup, in the same country that the World Cup is due to be played in. 8 teams play in it. The host nation and the reigning world champions play in it along with the winners of the 6 FIFA Confederations championships. So for example, the European champions will be in it and the African champions will be in it. If any team qualifies under two criteria, like Spain being both World and European Champions when the 2013 Confederations Cup was played, another team will be allowed in. Italy were allowed to play in 2013, having been the beaten finalists in the European Championship of 2012.
You have to be the top 4 clubs in England, spain, Italy and the second two reach the U.E.F.A.
Those clubs who fail to qualify for the champion league by coming fifth play in the U.E.F.A cup. It is now called The Europa League.