Sword is straight, Sabre is curved.
There are straight sabres, The main differance is a sword is Usually twin bladed (with the exception of a katana and Back-sword) a Messer or Dussack is one bladed, whilst a sabre has one full blade and about a third of back blade to assist in a lancing thrust on horseback
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Both Sabre and foil are conventional weapons (both use right of way). However, Sabre allows hits to be scored with cuts and thrusts. Foil only allows thrusts to score. Sabre also allows hits to the advanced target areas (arms and head). Foil only allows hits to the torso and (by FIE rules, to a section of the mask bib). Because the Sabre scores by cutting, no wire is needed. The Sabre acts like a switch, and only registers when it touches the lame (No off-target hits are registered). However, the foil registers off-target hits, which halt the bout.
In foil, its the lightest of all 3, points are scored with only the tip of the foil and the target is from the hip up - excluding the arms and head. In Epee, its the heaviest of the three, points are scored with only the point and the target is the entire body. In Sabre, about as heavy as a foil, points are scored with the point of the side of the sabre
and the target is from the waist up- excluding the hands.
A sword is a bladed weapon, they vary in size, shape, design.
A saber is a sword, a weapon with a curved blade that is usually wielded by cavalry soldiers. (Soldiers on horseback)
Daggers are smaller, and usually used as side arms, while swords have more length, and are usually used as primary weapons.
A sword is the complete thing, while the blade is just the part you cut with, no guard or handle or anything.
A sword slashes. A spear stabs. Spears can usually be thrown as a sword is inefficient at throwing.