A sail boat or yacht.
A mast. Although it is attached to a mast the thing that holds a sail up is a halyard. a mast is something that pushes the boat with wind and the reason its called a mast is cause it holds the biggest sail, the thing your looking for is something that is on the bottom of the boat and runs vertical on the boat. if that gets ruined the boat is ruined, unrepairable
A steering wheel on a sail boat is still called a steering wheel.
They were called longships.
the pole that holds up the sail is called the mast
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When a ship, not a boat, leaves port it "sets sail."
A boat with one mast and one sail is called a cat boat. It is an old design with a very shallow draft designed to be used in areas of shallow tidal waters. Usually they a very wide for their length. a sail boat!
A sail boat Also motorsailers and rafts
Yes he did sail by boat
The halyard (a line, NOT a rope) keeps it tied up to the mast (that vertical post-thing).
It's usually called the Mainsail, or as sailors pronounce it, the "mains'l". It is sometimes called the "sheet" too, though that is more generic. +++ The "sheet" is the line that controls the sail's angle across the boat.