It is commonly known as the apron or the fringe. It is a very closely mown area which rewards players for a bad miss. It is much nicer playing from the apron or fringe than from the rough or bunker.
Fairway.
The fairway is the area up the centre of the hole which follows the line of the hole, it is closely mown.
the apron is the area around the green, the grass in the apron is shorter than the fairway and longer than the green
Yes
Yes, this is perfectly legal. Unless there is an internal out of bounds, that is unlikely but does happen.
The apron is the area between the green and fairway, it is usually cut very short.
The three main ones are the tee, fairway and green.
Fairway Furniture was created in 1856.
Fairway Market was created in 193#.
Fairway Solitaire happened in 2007.
Fairway Solitaire was created in 2007-12.
There's no particular standard, so it could be any distance depending on the whims of the course.