To view the FINA rules on swimming, visit http://www.fina.org/H2O/index.php?option=com_content&view=section&id=17&Itemid=184
The rule book, specifically, the section on "Facilities Rules" describes the technical equipment necessary for the setup of an Olympic competition: http://www.fina.org/H2O/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&id=88:facilities-rules&Itemid=184&layout=default
Personal equipment may consist of a minimum of a swim suit. According to the rules:
GR 5.1 The swimwear (swimsuit, cap and goggles) of all competitors shall be in good moral taste and suitable for the individual sports disciplines and not to carry any symbol which may be considered offensive.
GR 5.2 All swimsuits shall be non transparent.
GR 5.4 Before any swimwear of new design, construction or material is used in competition, the manufacturer of such swimwear must submit the swimwear to FINA and obtain approval of FINA.
Optionally, swimmers choose to wear goggles and a silicone or latex cap to cover their head hair. Occasionally, you will see a swimmer wear a nose plug. No other equipment beyond these items are normally permitted, particularly those that will aid in the swimmer's performance.
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There are different levels of education needed for Olympic swimming. This include basic physical education, physiological preparations and breathing lessons while in water among others.
You need to wear your swim suit, swim cap and goggles. There are also some Olympic swimmers that also wear a nose clip.
You have to get past Nationals first, then make the Olympic qualifiers. I've heard they're really tough.