Belgian Aramith, the most famous Snooker, Billiard and Pool ball manufacturer for decades use Phenolic Resin.
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Modern pool balls are made from a phenolic resin. This consists of 2 layers, the first is the center of the ball. The relatively thin outer layer is of the same material but this is the layer that provides the color and design on the ball. Some ball manufacturers will make custom outer layers for a significant fee for set-up.
They are made from synthetic polymers and plastic to replace wood and ivory balls.
Primarily ash plus some other exotic wood, such as cocobolo, ebony, or rosewood.
The very early snooker balls were made out of wood and later clay. Eventually they started using ivory and that was used until the early part of the 20th century. Resin is now used.