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Before air travel, the Panama Canal was the shortcut from New York City to San Francisco. Today it is still a shortcut if you are traveling by water.
The Panama canal
You would transit the Panama Canal going South.
A boat traveling from the Pacific to the Atlantic via the Panama Canal would be traveling northwest. Although the Pacific Ocean is west of the Atlantic Ocean in Central America, at Panama the Caribbean Sea arm of the Atlantic is to the north, and the Pacific to the south. Canal builders took advantage of natural lakes and valleys, so the actual orientation of the canal is NW to SE. (see linked map) Going from the Atlantic (Caribbean Sea) to the Pacific, ships travel to the southeast.
newyork to sanfrancisco on the panama canal
Before the Panama Canal, a ship would need to travel all the way south to the southern tip of Chile in South America and then north to New York City. See the related link for a picture.
The Panama canal, as its name suggests is in Panama. The direction of travel on the canal is NW to SE.
The Panama Canal cuts across the isthmus in Central America, providing a shortcut for ships traveling between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.
Ships traveling from Japan to the United Kingdom will travel east and cross Central America at the Panama Canal. Then they will head northeast to get to the United Kingdom.
The Panama Canal allows ships to pass through south America to Central America or vice versa.
By boat
Ships traveling from Balboa to Colon in Panama cross through one set of locks at the Panama Canal. The Panama Canal has a system of locks that raise and lower ships to the level of Gatun Lake, which is then crossed to reach the other set of locks at the other end of the canal.