The club was initially founded in 1962 as the Houston Colt .45's and defeated the Chicago Cubs in their first game, 11-2 on April 10. In 1965, the Colt .45's changed their name to the Houston Astros, and played Baseball's first indoor game at the Astrodome on April 9, defeating the New York Yankees 2-1 in an exhibition game. So, to answer the question, the "Astros" debuted on April 9, 1965 though the Houston team had been in place for 3 years. The Astros first season in MLB was in 1962.
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The Major League Baseball (MLB) team known as the Houston Astros originated in the MLB National League (NL) in 1962 as the Houston Colt 45's, changing their name to the Houston Astros in 1965.
The Astros first season in the National League was 1962 and they were known as the Houston Colt 45s. They entered the league as an expansion team with the New York Mets.