$40-$60
Tectonics.
mantle convection
upper mantle.
Hand drawn animation cels for stop motion animation.
The thermal convection that drives plate motion is caused by the movement of molten rock in the mantle. Heat from Earth's core causes the mantle to circulate in a convection current, which in turn drags the overlying tectonic plates along with it, driving plate motion.
Convection currents in the mantle
The three forces that drive plate motion are mantle convection, ridge push, and slab pull. Mantle convection involves the movement of material in the Earth's mantle, while ridge push is the force exerted by the elevated mid-ocean ridges. Slab pull is the force generated by the sinking of cold, dense oceanic lithosphere into the mantle at subduction zones.
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Mantle convection is the slow motion of the Earth's silicate mantle, caused by convection currents that carry heat from the interior to the surface of the Earth. Mantle convection causes the tectonic plates to move around the Earth's surface, causing earthquakes, tsunamis, and volcanic activity.
I would call this convection currents in the mantle.
The mantle viscosity, or thickness of the Earth's mantle, affects the movement of tectonic plates. A more viscous mantle slows down plate movement, while a less viscous mantle allows for faster plate movement. This relationship influences the speed and direction of tectonic plate motion.