The player in middle front has the job of setting the ball to the players on his or hers right or left so they can get in a good spike. The player in middle back has to receive the ball so the setter can set it to the other 2 in front. But middle back can also spike the ball.
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In most cases the role of the middle hitter is to help draw the block on offense as well as the occasional kill, and on defense they are there to solidify the block. In fact a lot of people call them middle blockers.
Outside hitters are an important position on a volleyball team. Outside hitters must be talented hitters becasue they typically get the most sets out of any player on the court. They need to have a variety of shots. They must also be able to play some defense and serve receive if nessecary.
An outside hitter hits on the far left side of the net. Usually this is your "outlet" hitter meaning if there is a bad pass and the setter can't really make a good set, they set the ball to the outside. The outside hitter will sometimes play back row as well.
The middle-hitter does a combination of things, you're going to want to use the 'bumping" technique as much as you can, it will be the most affective.