If the defender is on the opponent's half of the field and is closer to the opponent's goal line than both the 2nd last opponent and the ball, then they are in an offside position and can be called for offside.
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Yes, this is possible, and is actually a common tactic. When the defense notices an opposing player trying to move ahead, they can make the call to move forward in unison, causing the offensive player to be offside.
The defense, by definition, cannot be called offside. This is because the offside position is measured from the moment a teammate last plays the ball. If the ball is in clear possession of the other team, you cannot be called offside.
No. It is an unsportsmanlike conduct penalty and 15 yards. The officials can also call it delay of game and penalize 5 yards.
It is a 5 yard penalty moving the offense 5 yard forward. The down is replayed because the play is stopped immedieately.
Offside is, by its very nature, an infraction caused by attackers. Since a defender becomes an attacker the moment he plays the ball, by most definitions, this is not possible.