Fouls or penalties in American football are the result of rules infractions that are seen by the referees on the field. They are signaled by an official throwing a marker, or "flag", on the field at the time of infraction. Announcement of the infraction(s) and enforcement of penalties follows immediately following gameplay, after the play is whistled "dead" and before the start of the subsequent play.
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A spot foul is a penalty behind the dead ball spot which results in the penalty being measured from the spot of the foul. When a quarterback grounds a pass while in the endzone the spot of the foul is in the endzone and results in a safety. In high school holding behind the line of scrimmage is measured from the spot of the foul as long as the run ends beyond the spot of the foul.