The quarterback will often get the play and other specific instructions (which can be tips on what to read from defenses, etc.) from the moment the play clock starts. The key thing to note is that the quarterback's earpiece shuts off w/ 15 seconds left on the play clock (this is controlled by a dedicated NFL official whose only job is to turn off the radio each play, and is written in the NFL rule book). As such, coaches cannot continue to relay defensive reads or any other further information in those last 15 seconds. The radio does not turn back on until the play is dead and the next plays play clock starts.
Only one player on offense (the QB) and one on defense (often the middle linebacker) are allowed earpieces in their helmets; they are designated w/ a green dot on the back of their helmet.