The main function of the calves (gastronemius and soleus) are plantar flexion of the foot. Seeing as how plantar flexion is involved in walking and to an extent in running, in theory it should help improve speed. I wouldn't go as far to say it's going to take a few tenths of a second off your 100meter dash, but it would surely go a long way towards strength the joint around the ankle and making it more sustainable to high impact sprinting. The hamstrings are the muscles that are going to make the biggest difference when it comes to speed improvement.
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