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Each hole in a round of golf has a certain "par" score associated with it. This number is usually representative of the number of shots it "should" take to reach the green, plus two putts while on the green.
So, for a hole that should take 1 shot to get to the green, it would be a par 3, once you add two putts. For a hole that should take 2 shots to reach the green, it would be a par 4. For a hole that should take 3 shots to reach the green it would be a par 5.
Par 3, 4, and 5 make up 99.99% of all regulation golf holes in the world. There are stories about par 6's in some parts of the world, but those are rare.
Now, to answer your question about what an "eagle" means... if anyone should finish two shots lower than the "par" for that hole, it would be an eagle. This is represented as a score of -2 or "two under par."
On a par 5, that would be a score of three, on a par 4, it would be a two, and on a par 3, it would be a one on that hole.*
*Even though a one on a par three is technically an "eagle," since its two under par, it is usually referred to as a "hole in one."
A double eagle, or albatross, is reaching the hole in 2 strokes on a par 5, so would be -3. Also, if you manage to complete a par 5 in 1 shot, i.e. -4, it is known as a condor.
A eagle in golf is when you score 2 under par on a hole. For example on a par 5 you make it in the hole in 3 shots or par 4 in 2 shots
An eagle in golf is when you score two under par on the hole. Example: On a par 4 you score a 2 or on a par 5 you score a 3