In sports, a "do over", is a 2nd, or otherwise additional, chance to try something that was previously tried unsuccessfully.
Incidentally, that is what a "do over" refers to outsideof sports, as well.
Incidentally, that is what a "do over" refers to outside of sports, as well. It's mentioned in TV in relation to sports games among friends, in reality there are no sports that allow do-overs. So truthfully do-over has no relation to sports.
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In Golf a do over is called a mulligan. These are really only used in the US. When a player hits a golf shot, and is unhappy with the result he may re-hit that shot. If they hit their second shot, and it went into the water, they can re-hit their second shot etc.
Players usually agree a set number of mulligans per round.