If the pins left standing after rolling one ball are more then one pin apart AND the head (1) pin isn't standing, then it's a split and is designated by an "S" or a circled number or a number of a different color on the scoreboard.
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A 7-10 split is practically the hardest split in this sport. To explain, I have drawn a diagram... 7 8 9 10 4 5 6 2 3 1 The 7 and the 10 are the furthest away from the bowler and are the furthest away from each other than any other two pin combination. This is why a 7-10 split is so difficult to convert.
A split itself does not have any particular score or value. It's usually only notated on the score sheet that a split happened.