Two part epoxies are the best. You mix two components together and they harden in an hour or so. Glues, which rely on evaporation of a solvent, typically aren't strong enough.
I won't recommend any particular brand names, but you can find appropriate epoxies at your local hardware store. Get the kind they call high strength or something like that. Quick setting ("90 second") epoxies aren't strong enough.
Use a high strength two-part epoxy. Fast setting ("five minute") epoxies usually aren't strong enough. On the other hand, it doesn't have to be anything fancy. Ordinary hardware store epoxy works fine. Be sure to clean the inside of the hosel and dimple and abrade the tip, to give the epoxy something to hang onto.
There are some fast setting and one-part adhesives that work, too, but be sure it's manufacturer recommends it for Golf clubs.
White glue will work for that.
by gluing with super glue or Elmer's glue
school glue
Depends what you are gluing.
Sewing buttons on is better than gluing them.
If gluing paper to paper, white glue is best.
Depends on what you are gluing to what, and what it will be exposed to- moisture, heat, etc. If you are gluing paper to paper you can use a thin mix of flour and water as a glue. Wait until it dries thoroughly.
Epoxy is best for gluing glass to wood.
Either use a hot glue gun or some super glue.
Wood glue is better FOR GLUING WOOD than any other type of glue !
Depends what you are gluing it onto - more detail needed please.
Some people use "speed glue" to enhance the speed.