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I am a pole vaulter myself and over the last couple of years i have learned that there is no one component of fitness that is required for the vault. To really understand why you must first break the vault into several parts.
first the vaulter runs twored the plant box bilding up speed until they are finally running as fast as they can,They need to be fast.The faster the vaulter is the more energy he or she can put into his or her pole and make it bend.
At the plant there is a tremendous pressure put on the vaulters arms.If they are not strong enough the will colaps before the vault has even begun. In the swing up and inversion state the vaulter must have a strong core and strong solders. And finally when the vaulter pushes off the pole they are using a lot of arm strength.
Look up the Vitaly Petrov for a very good technique. There are other ways of vaulting from this as well. One can use a double leg swing to reach a high hip triangle on the pole. From there, American vaulters use a tuck and shoot method for their top end. Finally one can either turn by turning their hip to their hand or rotating their one foot over their other foot.
You will need strength, speed, athletic ability, body control, and a willingness to vault yourself over a bar. A gymnastics or trampoline background is always helpful to have in pole vaulting.