Par is set by the course designer and will yake into account the length of the hole and potential difficulty. Usually a par 72 course will have 2-4 par five hole and the same number of par 3 holes. All other will be par 4. This is a classic or historical course design.
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If a hole, say hole 1 is a par 3, par 4, or par 5 then the course is telling you if you hit the ball in the hole in the number par then you are even with par. If you hit the ball in the hole on a Par 4 in only 3 hits then you are one under par or -1 for that hole. If you hit the ball in the hole in 5 hits on a par 3 then you are +2 for that hole.
So a Par is hitting the ball in the hole in the estimated number for that hole. Par will always be set at 3, 4, 5
The total of the pars of all holes on the course.
The par for an individual hole is mostly determined by the length of the hole.